Gum disease, also known as periodontal disease, is a common condition that affects the gums and the supporting structures of the teeth. This condition is primarily caused by poor oral hygiene practices that lead to the buildup of plaque on the teeth. Plaque is a sticky film of bacteria that forms on the teeth and along the gumline.

When plaque is not properly removed through regular brushing and flossing, it can harden into a substance called tartar or calculus. Tartar cannot be removed by brushing alone and can irritate the gums, leading to inflammation and gum disease.

Other causes of gum disease include:

1. Smoking: Tobacco use is a significant risk factor for gum disease. Smoking weakens the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight off infections, including those that affect the gums.

2. Poor diet: A diet high in sugar and low in essential nutrients can contribute to gum disease. Sugary foods and drinks can fuel the growth of harmful bacteria in the mouth, while a lack of vitamins and minerals can weaken the immune system.

3. Hormonal changes: Hormonal fluctuations, such as those experienced during puberty, pregnancy, and menopause, can make the gums more sensitive and susceptible to gum disease.

4. Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes and autoimmune disorders, can increase the risk of gum disease. These conditions can affect the body's ability to heal and fight off infections.

5. Genetics: Some individuals may be more genetically predisposed to developing gum disease than others. If gum disease runs in your family, you may be at a higher risk of experiencing the condition yourself.

It is essential to practice good oral hygiene habits, including brushing twice a day, flossing regularly, and visiting your dentist for routine cleanings and check-ups, to help prevent gum disease. If you notice any signs of gum disease, such as red, swollen, or bleeding gums, it is important to seek professional dental care promptly to prevent the condition from progressing.